"On 13 September 2019, Florence Parly, the French Minister for the Armed Forces, set out the issues involved in using information as a vector for destabilisation by capturing the attention and affecting the perceptions of target populations: “Tomorrow's war is also a war for influence and disinformation of the public, playing with our perceptions. The battle of opinion is raging today. We are increasingly witnessing image-based conflicts, propaganda campaigns and the skilfully orchestrated manipulation of facts and ideas on social networks”. The Internet has changed the temporal nature of the relationship to information, which is now based on immediacy and free access to often yet often contradictory sources, leaving people confronted with the coexistence of ‘multiple truths’ and distinct interpretations of History. Immediacy, for example, means that certain conflicts can be followed almost in real time from the point of view of the various belligerents involved. This is often to the detriment of analysis and fact checking, while the number of people with access to this information continues to grow. The challenges for governments to capture the attention of users in order to convey messages – that suit their rhetoric or that undermine the credibility of their adversaries for geopolitical purposes – thus become evident."

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